Phylogenomics reconstructs an arthropod tree in which a monophyletic A rthropoda splits
into P ycnogonida+ E uchelicerata and M yriapoda+ P ancrustacea. The same chelicerate …

The panarthropod head represents a complex body region that has evolved through the
integration and functional specialization of the anterior appendage-bearing segments …

A sister group of the Arthropoda, the Tardigrada are micrometazoans that occupy a diversity
of niches in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats. Commonly called water bears …

Summary The superphylum Panarthropoda (Arthropoda, Onychophora, and Tardigrada)
exhibits a remarkable diversity of segment morphologies, enabling these animals to occupy …

Panarthropods are typified by disparate grades of neurological organization reflecting a
complex evolutionary history. The fossil record offers a unique opportunity to reconstruct …

Molecular biology has provided a rich dataset to develop hypotheses of nervous system
evolution. The startling patterning similarities between distantly related animals during the …

We describe Collinsium ciliosum from the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte in South
China, an armored lobopodian with a remarkable degree of limb differentiation including a …

Chitin is a structural sugar broadly distributed among all kingdoms, and it is present in
Tardigrada as α-chitin. Its presence in the buccopharyngeal apparatus of tardigrades was …

Tardigrades are microscopic aquatic bilaterians that despite their size have a complex
morphology and anatomy. These minute animals need a surrounding film of water to be …

Tardigrada is an ancient lineage of miniaturized animals. As an outgroup of the well‐studied
Arthropoda and Onychophora, studies of tardigrades hold the potential to reveal important …