Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

Crop productivity is directly dependent on the growth and development of plants and their
adaptation during different environmental stresses. Histone acetylation is an epigenetic …

The complex and dynamic three-dimensional organization of chromatin within the nucleus
makes understanding the control of gene expression challenging, but also opens up …

Pathogen recognition by plants results in the activation of signaling pathways that induce
defense reactions. There is growing evidence indicating that epigenetic mechanisms directly …

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are important signaling modules
regulating diverse biological processes. During the past 20 years, much progress has been …

Agricultural manipulation of potentially beneficial rhizosphere microbes is increasing rapidly
due to their multi-functional plant-protective and growth related benefits. Plant growth …

Due to global warming and population growth, plants need to rescue themselves, especially
in unfavorable environments, to fulfill food requirements because they are sessile …

Pathogenesis in plant diseases is complex comprising diverse pathogen virulence and plant
immune mechanisms. These pathogens cause damaging plant diseases by deploying …

Plants are continuously exposed to stress conditions, such that they have developed
sophisticated and elegant survival strategies, which are reflected in their phenotypic …

Sessile plants are exposed throughout their existence to environmental abiotic and biotic
stress factors, such as cold, heat, salinity, drought, dehydration, submergence, waterlogging …