Traditional risk factors for obesity and the metabolic syndrome, such as excess energy
intake and lack of physical activity, cannot fully explain the high prevalence of these …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolites function as critical regulators
to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells to adapt to environmental …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in regulating various physiological
functions of living organisms. The intrinsic biochemical properties of ROS, which underlie …

Humans, like all mammals, partition their daily behaviour into activity (wakefulness) and rest
(sleep) phases that differ largely in their metabolic requirements. The circadian clock …

Circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators that control 24-h physiological and behavioral
processes. The central circadian clock exerts control over myriad aspects of mammalian …

In the last three decades the two‐process model of sleep regulation has served as a major
conceptual framework in sleep research. It has been applied widely in studies on fatigue …

Abstract Circadian (∼ 24-hour) timing systems pervade all kingdoms of life and temporally
optimize behavior and physiology in humans. Relatively recent changes to our …

Secretion of the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by macrophages, a major driver of
pathogenesis in atherosclerosis, requires two steps: Priming signals promote transcription of …

Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species, referred to as ROS, RNS, and RSS,
respectively, are produced during normal cell function and in response to various stimuli. An …

Circadian rhythms, which have long been known to play crucial roles in physiology, are
emerging as important regulators of specific immune functions. Circadian oscillations of …