Stress initiates an intricate response that affects diverse cognitive and affective domains,
with the goal of improving survival chances in the light of changing environmental …

The ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) mesolimbic circuit processes emotional,
motivational, and social reward associations together with their more demanding cognitive …

Increasing evidence points to an association between major depressive disorders (MDDs)
and diverse types of GABAergic deficits. In this review, we summarize clinical and preclinical …

Brain cells are continuously exposed to corticosteroid hormones, although the levels vary
(eg, after stress). Corticosteroids alter neural activity via two receptor types …

Environmental stimuli that signal real or potential threats to homeostasis lead to
glucocorticoid secretion by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis …

C affect brain functioning through both delayed, genomic and rapid, non-genomic
mechanisms. The latter mode of action was long known but only in recent years the …

Epigenetic alterations of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) gene have been linked
with memory, stress, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we examined whether there was …

Chronic stress can alter the immune system, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and induce
anxiety-and depressive-like behaviour in rodents. However, previous studies have not …

Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is altered with stress exposure
and has been implicated in depression. High levels of corticosterone (CORT) suppress …

Chronic restraint stress leads to increases in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
mRNA and protein in some regions of the brain, eg the basal lateral amygdala (BLA) but …