The life of eukaryotic cells requires the transport of lipids between membranes, which are
separated by the aqueous environment of the cytosol. Vesicle-mediated traffic along the …

Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf
a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or …

The molecular function of Atg9, the sole transmembrane protein in the autophagosome-
forming machinery, remains unknown. Atg9 colocalizes with Atg2 at the expanding edge of …

Selective autophagy is the lysosomal degradation of specific intracellular components
sequestered into autophagosomes, late endosomes, or lysosomes through the activity of …

Summary ATG9A and ATG2A are essential core members of the autophagy machinery.
ATG9A is a lipid scramblase that allows equilibration of lipids across a membrane bilayer …

De novo formation of the double-membrane compartment autophagosome is seeded by
small vesicles carrying membrane protein autophagy-related 9 (ATG9), the function of which …

The mechanism that initiates autophagosome formation on the ER in multicellular organisms
is elusive. Here, we showed that autophagy stimuli trigger Ca 2+ transients on the outer …

The clearance of surplus, broken, or dangerous components is key for maintaining cellular
homeostasis. The failure to remove protein aggregates, damaged organelles, or intracellular …

INTRODUCTION Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved
lysosomal degradation pathway. It ensures cellular homeostasis and health by removing …

During macroautophagic stress, autophagosomes can be produced continuously and in
high numbers. Many different organelles have been reported as potential donor membranes …