Biodiversity, a term now widely employed in science, policy, and wider society, has a
burgeoning associated literature. We synthesize aspects of this literature, focusing on …

Ocean mining activities have been ongoing for nearly 70 years, making great contributions
to industrialization. Given the increasing demand for energy, along with the restructuring of …

Commercial deep sea mining (DSM) stands at a threshold as both national and global legal
regimes seek to move beyond exploration of the seabed towards its exploitation. As an …

The term 'biodiversity,'while casually used in practice, is a complicated subject to measure,
interpret, contextualize, and compare. Yet the possible advent of deep-sea mining in the mid …

In a context of high global demand for energy transition minerals, the possibility of accessing
the large resources in the deep sea appears to some as a supply and financial opportunity …

With technological improvement such as ore exploration, robotics, and hydrodynamic lifting,
deep-sea mining has attracted more attention from governments, companies, and scientific …

The perfect storm of converging political, security, environmental and social crises enforces
an epochal turn. Necessarily increasing defensive expenditures for health and climate …

The unequal distribution of tin resources and profits on the Bangka Island coast is a major
problem. This is due to the lack of a political settlement which has caused conflict between …

Marine natural sciences have been instrumental in helping society understand how ocean
systems operate and the threats they face. However, there is a growing realisation that the …

This study provides an update on the current regulatory and institutional landscape of deep-
seabed mining (DSM). This regime formation occurred at a unique historical moment …