Humans live in a 24-hour environment, in which light and darkness follow a diurnal pattern.
Our circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus, is …

Daylight is ubiquitous and is crucial for mammalian vision as well as for non-visual input to
the brain via the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express the …

The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic
changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of …

Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not
delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is …

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Melanopsin is a short-wavelength-sensitive photopigment that was discovered only around
20 years ago. It is expressed in the cell bodies and processes of a subset of retinal ganglion …

Synaptic interactions to extract information about wavelength, and thus color, begin in the
vertebrate retina with three classes of light-sensitive cells: rod photoreceptors at low light …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a subset of cells that
participate in image-forming and non–image-forming visual responses. Although both …