Atherosclerosis is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading
cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and …

Abstract Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a stromal cell population with cell-of-origin,
phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, are the most essential components of the tumor …

M1 macrophage accumulation and excessive inflammation are commonly encountered
issues in diabetic wounds and can fail in the healing process. Hence, hydrogel dressings …

Macrophages are important immune cells in innate immunity, and have remarkable
heterogeneity and polarization. Under pathological conditions, in addition to the resident …

Immunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer
immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies …

Liver ischaemia–reperfusion injury (LIRI), a local sterile inflammatory response driven by
innate immunity, is one of the primary causes of early organ dysfunction and failure after …

Background Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays a key role in activation of cellular immunity and
subsequently, stimulation of antitumor immune-response. Based on its cytostatic, pro …

Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that
are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body …

Macrophages play an important role in cancer development and metastasis.
Proinflammatory M1 macrophages can phagocytose tumor cells, while anti‐inflammatory M2 …

In the last decade, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has emerged as a
promising immunotherapeutic approach to fight cancers. This approach consists of …