In vertebrates, sexual differentiation of the reproductive system and brain is tightly
orchestrated by organizational and activational effects of endogenous hormones. In …

A fundamental tenet of maternal effects assumes that maternal variance over time should
have discordant consequences for offspring traits across litters. Yet, seldom are parents …

Despite the taxonomic, behavioral, and lifestyle diversity among reptile species, behavioral
consistency in reptiles has not been examined to the extent that it has been in fish, birds …

Reintroduction programs in which captive-bred or reared animals are released into natural
habitats are considered a key approach for conservation; however, success rates have …

Behavioral ecologists have assumed that animals will optimize behavior to match their
current situation, yet studies reveal limited behavioral flexibility and extensive variation …

Animal personality can be defined as conspecific individuals consistently differing in
behavioral tendencies. Personality is typically identified by behavioral repeatability, which …

Animals are exposed to high levels of anthropogenic disturbance, which has profound
consequences for population persistence. Individuals can adjust their behavior plastically …

Animal behaviour may change with age, when young individuals experience different
environments from adults. However, the role of ontogeny in personality traits is still open to …

Corticosterone plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis, promoting energy
acquisition, and regulating the stress response in birds. Exposure to elevated levels of …

Animal movements and use of space are in part determined by interactions between
individual attributes such as sex and body size and extrinsic environmental factors such as …