Frustration, the presence of competing interactions, is ubiquitous in the physical sciences
and is a source of degeneracy and disorder, which in turn gives rise to new and interesting …

Artificial spin ice is a class of lithographically created arrays of interacting ferromagnetic
nanometre-scale islands. It was introduced to investigate many-body phenomena related to …

Traditional electronics employs charge currents to control and transmit information and
therefore suffer from energy dissipation due to electron scattering. In the past decade, spin …

In 1935, Pauling estimated the residual entropy of water ice with remarkable accuracy by
considering the degeneracy of the ice rule solely at the vertex level. Indeed, his estimate …

We present a methodology to explore experimentally the formation of thermally induced long-
range ground-state ordering in artificial spin-ice systems. Our novel approach is based on …

Although initially introduced to mimic the spin-ice pyrochlores, no artificial spin ice has yet
exhibited the expected degenerate ice phase with critical correlations similar to the …

Artificial spin ice is a frustrated magnetic two-dimensional nano-material, recently employed
to study variety of tailor-designed unusual collective behaviours. Recently proposed …

We have studied the magnetic microstates arising from single-shot thermalization processes
that occur during growth in artificial square spin ices. The populations of different vertex …

Multiple catalytic active centers tactically generated on the 2-dimentional catalytic carrier
could afford certain promoting function thanks to their existed special synergy. Herein, Ni …

We perform micromagnetic simulations to study the switching barriers in square artificial spin
ice systems consisting of elongated single domain magnetic islands arranged on a square …