There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Allostasis, or stability through change, has most often been linked with challenges to
homeostasis, in which repeated challenges or stressors produce sufficient allostatic load to …

Animal models of memory have been considered as the subject of many scientific
publications at least since the beginning of the twentieth century. In humans, memory is …

What is the defining property of addiction? We dust off a several-decades-long debate about
the relative importance of two forms of reinforcement—positive reinforcement, subjectively …

Emotions are “feeling” states and classic physiological emotive responses that are
interpreted based on the history of the organism and the context. Motivation is a persistent …

Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a chronically relapsing disorder of compulsive
drug seeking and taking that progresses through three stages: binge/intoxication …

Drug addiction can be defined by a three-stage cycle–binge/intoxication,
withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation–that involves allostatic changes …

Abstract Purpose of Review Suicide is a major public health concern and a leading cause of
death in the US. Alcohol and opioid use disorders (AUD/OUD) significantly increase risk for …

Highlights•Drug seeking is associated with reward neural circuitry activation.•Addiction
involves decreased brain reward and recruitment of brain stress systems.•The …

Aims Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB) is a ubiquitous
transcription factor well known for its role in the innate immune response. As such, NFkB is a …