Purpose Macrophages are highly plastic cells. Under different stimuli, macrophages can be
polarized into several different subsets. Two main macrophage subsets have been …

Macrophages play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses of organ
systems, including the lungs, to particles and pathogens. Cumulative results show that …

In the lungs, macrophages constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and foreign
bodies and play a fundamental role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Activated …

Despite development in the understanding of the pathogenesis of acute lung injury
(ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the underlying mechanism still needs to …

Alveolar macrophages exist in a unique microenvironment and, despite historical evidence
showing that they are in close contact with the respiratory epithelium, have until recently …

Macrophages are cells that mediate both innate and adaptive immunity reactions, playing a
major role in both physiological and pathological processes. Systemic SARS-CoV-2 …

Abstract GM-CSF and M-CSF (CSF-1) induce different phenotypic changes in macrophage
lineage populations. The nature, extent, and generality of these differences were assessed …

Acute lung injury (ALI) describes the injury to endothelial cells in the lungs and associated
vessels due to various factors. Furthermore, ALI accompanied by inflammation and …

Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the most abundant antigen-presenting cells in the lungs,
and they play a critical role in regulating pulmonary immune responses to inhaled …

The implantation of synthetic biomaterials initiates the foreign body response (FBR), which is
characterized by macrophage infiltration, foreign body giant cell formation, and fibrotic …