Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of
diverse molecules that are induced by phytopathogens as well as defense related signaling …

Wheat is one of the primary staple foods throughout the planet. Significant yield gains in
wheat production over the past 40 years have resulted in a steady balance of supply versus …

As a universal process in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, cells usually
emit danger signals when suffering from attacks of microbes and herbivores, or physical …

Plants often face incompatible growing environments like drought, salinity, cold, frost, and
elevated temperatures that affect plant growth and development leading to low yield and, in …

The pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins of plants have originally been identified as proteins
that are strongly induced upon biotic and abiotic stress. These proteins fall into 17 distinct …

Leaf-chewing insects are important pests that cause yield loss and reduce seed quality in
soybeans (Glycine max). Breeding soybean varieties that are resistant to leaf-chewing …

The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important
functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the …

The diversification of effector function, driven by a co-evolutionary arms race, enables
pathogens to establish compatible interactions with hosts. Structurally conserved plant …

Phytohormones regulate a large variety of physiological processes in plants. In addition,
salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are responsible for primary …