Gut bacteria play an important role in the digestion of food, immune activation, and
regulation of entero-endocrine signaling pathways, but also communicate with the central …

Fast synaptic communication in the brain requires synchronous vesicle fusion that is evoked
by action potential-induced Ca2+ influx. However, synaptic terminals also release …

Most neuronal communication relies upon the synchronous release of neurotransmitters,
which occurs through synaptic vesicle exocytosis triggered by action potential invasion of a …

Tinnitus is an auditory phantom sensation (ringing of the ears) experienced when no
external sound is present. Most but not all cases are associated with hearing loss induced …

Synaptic vesicle recycling is one of the best‐studied cellular pathways. Many of the proteins
involved are known, and their interactions are becoming increasingly clear. However, as for …

Abstract System xc− represents an intriguing target in attempts to understand the
pathological states of the central nervous system. Also called a cystine-glutamate antiporter …

The role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) in spontaneous miniature
neurotransmitter release is incompletely understood. We found that stochastic opening of …

Summary Calcium (Ca 2+) signaling is tightly regulated within a presynaptic bouton. Here,
we visualize Ca 2+ signals within hippocampal presynaptic boutons using GCaMP8s tagged …

Animal models of tinnitus require a behavioral correlate thereof. Various conditioned
response methods and gap-startle reflex methods are in use and the outcomes generally …

Reelin is a glycoprotein that is critical for proper layering of neocortex during development
as well as dynamic regulation of glutamatergic postsynaptic signaling in mature synapses …