A group of European experts was commissioned by the European Chapter of the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology to gather knowledge about the state of …

Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques are used in experimental and clinical fields for
their potential effects on brain network dynamics and behavior. Transcranial electrical …

Direct current stimulation is a neuromodulatory noninvasive brain stimulation tool, which
was first introduced in animal and human experiments in the 1950s, and added to the …

Transcranial electric stimulation aims to stimulate the brain by applying weak electrical
currents at the scalp. However, the magnitude and spatial distribution of electric fields in the …

Tinnitus involves the percept of a sound or sounds in the ear or head without an external
source. Most individuals experiencing tinnitus have a neutral reaction to the percept …

Attempts to enhance human memory and learning ability have a long tradition in science.
This topic has recently gained substantial attention because of the increasing percentage of …

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation
or transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation, are advocated as measures to …

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in the understanding and practical use
of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques. Nevertheless, to date, this …

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct and alternating current
stimulation (tDCS, tACS) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques increasingly used for …

Already in his first report on the discovery of the human EEG in 1929, Berger showed great
interest in further elucidating the functional roles of the alpha and beta waves for normal …