Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are essential for modulating neurogenesis,
influencing synaptic remodeling, and regulating neuroinflammation by surveying the brain …

Comorbidities in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has become an area of increasing
interest in the recent years. A comorbidity is defined as any additional disease that coexists …

Recent years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia biology,
including their major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases …

A large and expending body of evidence indicates that the gut-brain axis likely plays a
crucial role in neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). As a whole, the gut …

Biological barriers are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in health and disease.
Breakdown of the intestinal barrier is an essential aspect of the pathophysiology of …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic systemic inflammatory condition. Previously,
the focus has been on extraintestinal manifestations of IBD, including arthritis, psoriasis, and …

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system driven by neural, hormonal,
metabolic, immunological, and microbial signals. Signaling events from the gut can …

Importance Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are common therapies for certain
autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. An association between TNF inhibitor …

An epidemiological association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) is well established, but whether this reflects a shared genetic aetiology, and …

The host–intestinal microbiome interaction has gained much scientific attention in the past
two decades, boosted by advances in DNA sequencing and cultivation techniques. An …