The immune system is an organization of cells and molecules with specialized roles in
defending against infection. There are two fundamentally different types of responses to …

A functional immune system requires the selection of T lymphocytes expressing receptors
that are major histocompatibility complex restricted but tolerant to self-antigens. This …

MAP kinases are among the most ancient signal transduction pathways and are widely used
throughout evolution in many physiological processes. In mammalian species, MAP kinases …

A man dies because his body has rejected a heart transplant; a woman is crippled by
rheumatoid arthritis; a child goes into a coma that is brought on by cerebral malaria; another …

Despite accumulating evidence that regulatory T cells play a crucial role in preventing
autoimmunity, the processes underlying their generation during immune repertoire formation …

Apoptosis in the immune system is a fundamental process regulating lymphocyte
maturation, receptor repertoire selection and homeostasis. Thus, death by apoptosis is as …

The function of the Src-family kinases (SFKs) Lck and Fyn in T cells has been intensively
studied over the past 15 years. Animal models and cell line studies both indicate a critical …

Class I major histocompatibility complex (class I MHC) molecules, known to be important for
immune responses to antigen, are expressed also by neurons that undergo activity …

Members of the Bcl-2 family are crucial integrators of survival and death signals in higher
eukaryotes. Although recent studies have provided novel and quite unexpected insights into …

PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene, is essential for embryogenesis. We used the Cre-loxP
system to generate a T cell-specific deletion of the Pten gene (Pten flox/− mice). All Pten …