The defining trait of obligate anaerobes is that oxygen blocks their growth, yet the underlying
mechanisms are unclear. A popular hypothesis was that these microorganisms failed to …

The atmosphere of the Archean eon—one-third of Earth's history—is important for
understanding the evolution of our planet and Earth-like exoplanets. New geological proxies …

Physical laws—such as the laws of motion, gravity, electromagnetism, and thermodynamics—
codify the general behavior of varied macroscopic natural systems across space and time …

Nature offers inspiration for developing technologies that integrate the capture, conversion,
and storage of solar energy. In this review article, we highlight principles of natural …

Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes to have evolved oxygenic photosynthesis,
transforming the biology and chemistry of our planet. Genomic and evolutionary studies …

Photosynthetic water oxidation by Photosystem II (PSII) is a fascinating process because it
sustains life on Earth and serves as a blue print for scalable synthetic catalysts required for …

The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria during eukaryogenesis has long been viewed as
an adaptive response to the oxygenation of Earth's surface environment, presuming a …

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes that inhabit diverse aquatic and terrestrial
environments. However, the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the cyanobacterial habitat …

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are fluorescent proteins of various colors, including fuchsia, purple-
blue and cyan, that allow the capture of light energy in auxiliary photosynthetic complexes …

The origin of oxygenic photosynthesis in Cyanobacteria led to the rise of oxygen on Earth~
2.3 billion years ago, profoundly altering the course of evolution by facilitating the …