Civil engineering practice produces functional and esthetic structures but the manufacturing
and mining processes that produce construction materials are unsustainable and negatively …

In the present study, inorganic polymers (geopolymers) were synthesised using volcanic
glass, calcined halloysite-rich clay and mine tailings, all from Ecuador. In addition to the …

Although masonry units have been used for several millennia they still are and will continue
to be widely used construction materials around the world. This chapter provides brief …

In 1998 the BGS, in collaboration with Tarmac, initiated an industrial mineral waste project
known as REFILL which was funded by the EU BriteEuRam programme. BGS was …

The widespread use and production of Portland cement, amounting to 4.1 billion tonnes
annually, poses challenges in acquiring quality raw materials. The emissions of carbon …

This paper reviews the principles and applications of sustainable development as applied to
minerals (sustainable minerals). The key pillars of sustainable minerals are well known and …

The composition of mining waste varies according to the nature of the mining operation and
many other factors, but where the same mineral is extracted from a similar style of …

The tailing used in this study, is a by-product of graphite mining and is generated from the
floatation process of the finer ore concentrate. It is predominantly silicate and was provided …

Historic tin mining and mineral processing of the Uis pegmatite deposit (Namibia) has
resulted in a series of tailings impoundments. In this study, Uis tailings were characterised to …

Mineral waste can be defined as the “residues, tailings or other non-valuable material
produced after the extraction and processing of material to form mineral products”[1]. The …