Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining
cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological and stress conditions. It exerts its effect …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

The motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) are well known to manifest only when striatal
dopaminergic deficit reaches 60–70%. Thus, PD has a long pre-symptomatic and pre-motor …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease underpinned by both
genetic and environmental etiologic factors. Recent findings suggest that inflammation may …

Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) was identified as the main component of inclusions that define
synucleinopathies more than 20 years ago. Since then, aSyn has been extensively studied …

Abstract Adenosine A 2A receptor (A 2A R) is a G-protein coupled receptor that stimulates
adenylyl cyclase activity. In the brain, A 2A Rs are found highly enriched in striatal …

Acute caffeine intake has been found to increase working memory (WM)-related brain
activity in healthy adults without improving behavioral performances. The impact of daily …

Interest in adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the context of medicine has mainly focused on its
enzymatic activity. This is justified by the importance of the reaction catalyzed by ADA not …

Abstract Adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) are highly expressed in the human striatum, and
at lower densities in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and cells of the immune system …

Aim: Levodopa is first line treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its use is
associated with the presence of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. In recent years …