Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most frequent metabolic disorders, but their causes
remain largely unclear. Insulin resistance, the common underlying abnormality, results from …

Active research at the frontiers of immunology and neuroscience has identified multiple
points of interaction and communication between the immune system and the nervous …

Despite accumulating evidence demonstrating strong epidemiologic and mechanistic
associations between cigarette smoking, hyperglycemia, and the development of type 2 …

Tissue-resident macrophages (M TR) have recently emerged as a key rheostat capable of
regulating the balance between organ health and disease. In most organs, ontogenetically …

Recent clinical and experimental evidence has evoked the concept of the gut–brain axis to
explain mutual interactions between the central nervous system and gut microbiota that are …

Obesity has been described as a global epidemic and is a low-grade chronic inflammatory
disease that arises as a consequence of energy imbalance. Obesity increases the risk of …

There is general agreement that the acute suppression of hepatic glucose production by
insulin is mediated by both a direct and an indirect effect on the liver. There is, however, no …

The liver is the largest organ in the human body and is responsible for the metabolism and
storage of the three principal nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In addition, the liver …

The brain has been traditionally thought to be insensitive to insulin, primarily because
insulin does not stimulate glucose uptake/metabolism in the brain (as it does in classic …

Hypothalamic neurons respond to nutritional cues by altering gene expression and neuronal
excitability. The mechanisms that control such adaptive processes remain unclear. Here we …