Research has shown a bi-directional association between the (perceived) amount of
invested effort to learn or retrieve information (eg, time, mental effort) and metacognitive …

Desirable difficulties are learning conditions that are often experienced as effortful, but have
a positive effect on learning results and transfer of knowledge and skills (Bjork & Bjork,; …

How do learners make decisions about how, what, and when to study, and why are their
decisions sometimes ineffective for learning? In three studies, learners experienced a pair of …

Historically, research on the development of metacognition, that is, knowledge about
cognition, dates back to the work of Jean Piaget and his claim that young children do not …

Abstract According to the Discrepancy Reduction Model for metacognitive regulation, people
invest time in cognitive tasks in a goal-driven manner until their metacognitive judgment …

Self-report measurements are ubiquitous in psychology, but they carry the potential of
altering processes they are meant to measure. We assessed whether a common …

A central factor in research guided by the Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) is the mental effort
people invest in performing a task. Mental effort is commonly assessed by asking people to …

Paper-and-pencil learning and testing are gradually shifting to computerized environments.
Cognitive and metacognitive researchers find screen inferiority compared to paper in effort …

When students monitor the effectiveness of their learning and accuracy of their memories,
the presence or absence of specific content knowledge is not the only information that …

There is much evidence that metacognitive judgments, such as people's predictions of their
future memory performance (judgments of learning, JOLs), are inferences based on cues …