Bacterial persister cells constitute a subpopulation of genetically identical, metabolically
slow-growing cells that are highly tolerant of antibiotics and other environmental stresses …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its
cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are …

" Addiction modules" consist of two genes. In most of them the product of one is long lived
and toxic while the product of the second is short lived and antagonizes the toxic effect; so …

Antisense RNAs encoded on the DNA strand opposite another gene have the potential to
form extensive base-pairing interactions with the corresponding sense RNA. Unlike other …

Bacterial conjugation results in the transfer of DNA of either plasmid or chromosomal origin
between microorganisms. Transfer begins at a defined point in the DNA sequence, usually …

One of the simplest classes of genes involved in programmed death is that containing the
toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems of prokaryotes. These systems are composed of an intracellular …

One of the most pertinent recent outcomes of molecular microbiology efforts to understand
bacterial behavior is the discovery of a wide range of toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems that are …

Mackiewicz & Norris LLP 57 ABSTRACT Oligomeric compounds including
oligoribonucleotides and oligoribonucleosides are provided that have Subsequences of 2' …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules usually composed of a toxin and an
antitoxin counteracting the activity of the toxic protein. These systems are widely spread in …

Genes for toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes are widespread in prokaryote genomes, and
species frequently possess tens of plasmid and chromosomal TA loci. The complexes are …