Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) modules play key roles in the transduction of
environmental and developmental signals through phosphorylation of downstream signaling …

In nature, plants constantly have to face pathogen attacks. However, plant disease rarely
occurs due to efficient immune systems possessed by the host plants. Pathogens are …

Plants are continuously exposed to agents such as herbivores and environmental
mechanical stresses that cause wounding and open the way to the invasion by microbial …

Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and
tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease …

Rapid recognition and signal transduction of mechanical wounding through various
signaling molecules, including calcium (Ca 2+), protein phosphorylation, and reactive …

The crosstalk between second messengers, hormones and mitogen-activated protein
kinases (MAPKs) in plant signalling systems facilitates adaptation and survival in the face of …

Abstract The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MKK1 and MKK2 mitogen-activated protein
kinase kinases have been implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses as part of a …

Although mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction cascades are known
regulators of various aspects of plant biology, our knowledge of these systems has been …

The circadian clock allows plants to anticipate predictable daily changes in abiotic stimuli,
such as light; however, whether the clock similarly allows plants to anticipate interactions …

Background Protein kinases constitute a particularly large protein family in Arabidopsis with
important functions in cellular signal transduction networks. At the same time Arabidopsis is …