Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Microbial rhodopsins are diverse photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal chromophore
and are found in all domains of cellular life and are even encoded in genomes of viruses …

Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoactive retinylidene proteins widespread
throughout the microbial world. They are notable for their diversity of function, using …

The naturally occurring channelrhodopsin variant anion channelrhodopsin-1 (ACR1),
discovered in the cryptophyte algae Guillardia theta, exhibits large light-gated anion …

Optogenetics is a technique employing natural or genetically engineered photoreceptors in
transgene organisms to manipulate biological activities with light. Light can be turned on or …

Neurophotonics was launched in 2014 coinciding with the launch of the BRAIN Initiative
focused on development of technologies for advancement of neuroscience. For the last …

Phytoplankton is the base of the marine food chain as well as oxygen and carbon cycles and
thus plays a global role in climate and ecology. Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses that …

Early research on the four microbial rhodopsins discovered in the archaeal Halobacterium
salinarum revealed a structural template that served as a scaffold for two different functions …

Both designed and natural anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (dACRs and nACRs,
respectively) have been widely applied in optogenetics (enabling selective inhibition of …