It has recently been recognized that cellular stresses activate certain members of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily. One role of these “stress-activated” …

Angiogenesis is thought to be regulated by several growth factors (EGF, TGF-α, β-FGF,
VEGF). Induction of these angiogenic factors is triggered by various stresses. For instance …

A growing body of evidence has suggested that oxidative stress causes cardiac injuries
during ischemia/reperfusion. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) have been …

Activation of the zinc-finger transcription factor early growth response (Egr)-1, initially linked
to developmental processes, is shown here to function as a master switch activated by …

Upon reperfusion of ischemic tissues, reactive oxygen metabolites are generated and are
responsible for much of the organ damage. Experimental studies have revealed two main …

" Stress-regulated" mitogen-activated protein kinases (SR-MAPKs) comprise the stress-
activated protein kinases (SAPKs)/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and the p38-MAPKs. In …

The paradigm for the response to hypoxia is erythropoietin gene expression; activation of
hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) results in erythropoietin production. Previously, we found …

Enhanced synthesis of a specific matrix metalloproteinase, MMP-2, has been demonstrated
in experimental models of ventricular failure and in cardiac extracts from patients with …

The size of skeletal muscle cells is precisely regulated by intracellular signaling networks
that determine the balance between overall rates of protein synthesis and degradation …

Since the pioneering work of Tennant and Wiggers, 1 it has been known that total ischemia
leads to a prompt cessation of contraction and eventually results in the appearance of cell …