Although error avoidance during learning appears to be the rule in American classrooms,
laboratory studies suggest that it may be a counterproductive strategy, at least for …

This review aims to clarify four perennial issues surrounding the concept of curiosity: its
nature, conceptual distinction from situational interest, types, and educational implications …

Metacognition is the first textbook to focus on people's extraordinary ability to evaluate and
control their cognitive processes. This comprehensive text covers both theoretical and …

We investigated the effects of format of an initial test and whether or not students received
corrective feedback on that test on a final test of retention 3 days later. In Experiment 1 …

Writing allows people to convey information to others who are remote in time and space,
vastly increasing the range over which people can cooperate and the amount they can …

Previous studies investigating posttest feedback have generally conceptualized feedback as
a method for correcting erroneous responses, giving virtually no consideration to how …

Events that conform to our expectations, that is, are congruent with our world knowledge or
schemas, are better remembered than unrelated events. Yet events that conflict with …

Testing has been found to be a powerful learning tool, but educators might be reluctant to
make full use of its benefits for fear that any errors made would be harmful to learning. We …

Producing an error, so long as it is followed by corrective feedback, has been shown to
result in better retention of the correct answers than does simply studying the correct …

Reward-prediction errors track the extent to which rewards deviate from expectations, and
aid in learning. How do such errors in prediction interact with memory for the rewarding …