NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive‐sense RNA viruses
having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved …

RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated
protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of …

Cellular Phenotype and Apoptosis: The function of epithelial tissues is the protection of the
organism from chemical, microbial, and physical challenges which is indispensable for …

As an essential component of innate immunity, macrophages have multiple functions in both
inhibiting or promoting cell proliferation and tissue repair. Diversity and plasticity are …

Plants are sessile organisms that are under constant attack from microbes. They rely on both
preformed defenses, and their innate immune system to ward of the microbial pathogens …

The cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain
containing 3 (NLRP3) senses a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns …

Infection of cells by microorganisms activates the inflammatory response. The initial sensing
of infection is mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include Toll …

Microorganisms that invade a vertebrate host are initially recognized by the innate immune
system through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of …

The mammalian alimentary tract harbors hundreds of species of commensal
microorganisms (microbiota) that intimately interact with the host and provide it with genetic …