Wastewaters often contain toxic organic pollutants with a possible adverse effect on human
health and aquatic life upon exposure. Persistent organic pollutants such as dyes and …

Produced water is the main by-product generated by fossil fuel extraction activities. This
wastewater is often heavily contaminated and associated with significant health, safety, and …

Produced water from oil and gas exploration is one of the major challenges posed by the
energy sector due to the large volumes generated daily and the potential hazardous effects …

Some wastewater sources, such as agricultural waste and runoff, and industrial sewage, can
degrade water quality. This study summarises the sources and corresponding mechanisms …

In oil and gas industry, produced water is considered as the largest waste stream, which
contains relatively higher concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other pollutants …

Produced water is the wastewater formed when water is brought from subsurface reservoirs
during oil or gas extraction. Currently, produced water is mainly treated using conventional …

Brine is a saline wastewater generated from several industries (eg, desalination, energy and
oil production) and its disposal can have adverse environmental impacts. To address this …

Offshore oil and gas production is increasingly growing popular globally. Produced water
(PW), which is the largest byproduct of oil and gas production, is a complex mixture of …

Phenol is a priority pollutant that presents a significant threat to human health and natural
systems when discharged directly into the environment. Consequently, numerous …

Due to their numerous effects on human health and the natural environment, water
contamination with heavy metals and metalloids, caused by their extensive use in various …