This article reviews and summarizes 200 years of Parkinson's disease. It comprises a
relevant history of Dr. James Parkinson's himself and what he described accurately and …

Classically, the basal ganglia have been considered to have a role in producing habitual
and goal-directed behaviours. In this article, we review recent evidence that expands this …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely used for the treatment of movement disorders
including Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia and, to a lesser extent, certain …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Dopaminergic medications used in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease are
associated with motor and non-motor behavioural side-effects, such as dyskinesias and …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment and has provided unique insights into
the dynamic circuit architecture of brain disorders. This Review illustrates our current …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of 3 different targets is the most important therapeutic
innovation of the past 30 years for patients with fluctuating Parkinson's disease (PD) …

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia appears to have a potent role in action
and cognition. Anatomical and imaging studies show that different frontal cortical areas …

Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson disease (PD) currently requires
laborious open-loop programming, which can mitigate the benefits of this treatment …

The functions of rewards are based primarily on their effects on behavior and are less
directly governed by the physics and chemistry of input events as in sensory systems …