The existence of subsets of CD4+ helper T lymphocytes that differ in their cytokine secretion
patterns and effector functions provides a framework for understanding the heterogeneity of …

Schistosomes are parasitic worms that are a prime example of a complex multicellular
pathogen that flourishes in the human host despite the development of a pronounced …

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to assess the relationship between mood
disorders and development, course, and associated morbidity and mortality of selected …

Abstract The Th1/Th2 paradigm provides a useful model for understanding the pathogenesis
of several diseases, as well as for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Here …

The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread opportunistic parasite of
humans and animals. Normally, T. gondii establishes itself within brain and skeletal muscle …

A large body of evidence indicates the existence of functionally polarized CD4+ T‐cell
responses based on their profile of cytokine secretion. Type 1 T helper (Th1) cells produce …

Interleukin 12 (termed IL-12p70 and commonly designated IL-12) is an important
immunoregulatory cytokine that is produced mainly by antigen-presenting cells. The …

In natural systems, individuals are often co-infected by many species of parasites. However,
the significance of interactions between species and the processes that shape within-host …

Over 850 Leishmania-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection cases have been
recorded, the majority in Europe, where 7 to 17% of HIV-positive individuals with fever have …

In the mid-1980s, Mosmann, Coffman, and their colleagues discovered that murine CD4+
helper T-cell clones could be distinguished by the cytokines they synthesized. The isolation …