Background The brain was once thought of as an insulin-insensitive organ. We now know
that the insulin receptor is present throughout the brain and serves important functions in …

Mitochondria are one of the major ancient endomembrane systems in eukaryotic cells.
Owing to their ability to produce ATP through respiration, they became a driving force in …

Background Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 is critical for pathogenesis of glioma, in
particular glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). MDM2, the main negative regulator of p53, binds …

Leigh syndrome is a rare, complex, and incurable early onset (typically infant or early
childhood) mitochondrial disorder with both phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. The …

Mitochondria are ancient organelles evolved from bacteria. Over the course of evolution, the
behavior of mitochondria inside eukaryotic cells has changed dramatically, and the …

Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in the metabolic signature of astrocytes
underlie their response to neuroinflammation, but how proinflammatory stimuli induce these …

Objective A decline in mitochondrial function and biogenesis as well as increased reactive
oxygen species (ROS) are important determinants of aging. With advancing age, there is a …

Mitochondria can change their shape from discrete isolated organelles to a large continuous
reticulum. The cellular advantages underlying these fused networks are still incompletely …

The structure of mitochondria is highly dynamic. Mitochondrial shape is cell-type specific
and can be modified to meet changing requirements in energy production, calcium …

The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) family plays a major role in RNA stability, regulation,
processing, splicing, translation, and editing. Leucine-rich PPR-motif-containing protein …