The ocean is home to a diverse and metabolically versatile microbial community that
performs the complex biochemical transformations that drive the nitrogen cycle, including …

Populations and metropolitan centers are accumulated in coastal areas around the world. In
view of the fact that they are geographically adjacent to coasts and intense anthropogenic …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the
acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the …

Direct observations indicate that the global ocean oxygen inventory is decreasing. Climate
models consistently confirm this decline and predict continuing and accelerating ocean …

The prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms that drive the pelagic ocean's
biogeochemical cycles are currently facing an unprecedented set of comprehensive …

Metal dissolution from atmospheric aerosol deposition to the oceans is important in
enhancing and inhibiting phytoplankton growth rates and modifying plankton community …

Oxygen loss in the ocean, termed deoxygenation, is a major consequence of climate change
and is exacerbated by other aspects of global change. An average global loss of 2% or more …