Simple Summary The genomics-based concept of precision medicine began to emerge
following the completion of the Human Genome Project. In contrast to evidence-based …

Background The objective of this article is to summarize the published literature concerning
the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral anticoagulant drugs that are currently …

This document is an update to the 2011 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation
Consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes and warfarin dosing …

The interindividual genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters
influence the efficacy and toxicity of numerous drugs. As a fundamental element in precision …

Cytochromes P450s (CYPs) constitute a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the
metabolism of drugs and other substances. Endogenous substrates of CYPs include …

This article concerning the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vitamin K
antagonists (VKAs) is part of the American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based …

Warfarin is a widely used anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic index and large
interpatient variability in the dose required to achieve target anticoagulation. Common …

CYP2C9 is the most abundant CYP2C subfamily enzyme in human liver and the most
important contributor from this subfamily to drug metabolism. Polymorphisms resulting in …

rin. 25, 26 Inhibition of S-warfarin metabolism is more important clinically because this
isomer is 5 times more potent than the R-isomer as a vitamin K antagonist. 25, 26 …

Interindividual variability in drug response is a major clinical problem. Polymedication and
genetic polymorphisms modulating drug-metabolising enzyme activities (cytochromes P450 …