Recent work shows that after stimulation with antigen, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells embark on a
programme of proliferation that is closely linked with the acquisition of effector functions and …

Vaccines work by eliciting an immune response and consequent immunological memory
that mediates protection from infection or disease. Recently, new methods have been …

The immune system can remember, sometimes for a lifetime, the identity of a pathogen.
Understanding how this is accomplished has fascinated immunologists and microbiologists …

The brain is not routinely surveyed by lymphocytes and is defined as an immuno-privileged
site. However, viral infection of the brain results in the infiltration and long-term persistence …

The rules that govern memory T cell differentiation are not well understood. This study
shows that after antigenic stimulation naïve CD8+ T cells become committed to dividing at …

Our understanding of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell biology has been largely
developed from acute infection models in which antigen is cleared and sterilizing immunity …

It is widely believed that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is completely cleared by antiviral
antibodies and specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during acute viral hepatitis. We now …

T cell proliferation in vivo is presumed to reflect a T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated polyclonal
response directed to various environmental antigens. However, the massive proliferation of …

Evidence has accumulated that cytokines have a fundamental role in the differentiation of
memory T cells. Here, we follow the CD8+ T cell from initial activation to memory-cell …

Heterogeneity is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. This is most evident in the
enormous diversity of B and T cell antigen receptors. There is also heterogeneity within …