The Sun and other stars are magnetic: magnetism pervades their interiors and affects their
evolution in a variety of ways. In the Sun, both the fields themselves and their influence on …

Strong solar flares and coronal mass ejections, here defined not only as the bursts of
electromagnetic radiation but as the entire process in which magnetic energy is released …

Magnetic flux emergence from the solar convection zone into the overlying atmosphere is
the driver of a diverse range of phenomena associated with solar activity. In this article, we …

Solar cycle predictions are needed to plan long-term space missions, just as weather
predictions are needed to plan the launch. Fleets of satellites circle the Earth collecting …

Hinode is Japan's third solar mission following Hinotori (1981–1982) and Yohkoh (1991–
2001): it was launched on 2006 September 22 and is in operation currently. Hinode carries …

Michelson interferometry is one of the most widely used techniques for accuracy
measurements. Its main characteristic feature is to infer a displacement in one of the arms of …

We present a realistic numerical model of sunspot and active region formation based on the
emergence of flux bundles generated in a solar convective dynamo. To this end, we use the …

Strong solar flares occur in δ-spots characterized by the opposite-polarity magnetic fluxes in
a single penumbra. Sunspot formation via flux emergence from the convection zone to the …

We quantify the emergence and decay rates of preceder (p) and follower (f) sunspots within
10 active regions from 2010 to 2014 using Space-weather Helioseismic Magnetic Imager …

Emerging active regions are associated with convective flows on the spatial scale and
lifetimes of supergranules. To understand how these flows are involved in the formation of …