A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species
(collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or “good stress” and is …

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death driven by excessive lipid peroxidation.
Inflammation is one common and effective physiological event that protects against various …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cellular processes
whereas deregulated ROS leads to the development of a diseased state in humans …

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/B7 and programmed death 1
(PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are two most representative immune …

The ability of cells to deal with different types of stressful situations in a precise and
coordinated manner is key for survival and involves various signalling networks. Over the …

The major concept of" oxidative stress" is an excess elevated level of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) which are generated from vigorous metabolism and consumption of oxygen …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signalling pathways that
regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation …

MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

Low back pain (LBP), as a leading cause of disability, is a common musculoskeletal disorder
that results in major social and economic burdens. Recent research has identified …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous signal transduction
pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Here, we …