We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Extensive research has been conducted on controlling carbon dioxide (CO 2), sulfur oxides
(SO x), and nitrogen oxides (NO x) emissions in recent years with increasing environmental …

We present a new version of the Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit global
surface temperature data set, HadCRUT5. HadCRUT5 presents monthly average near …

This paper describes the GISS‐E2. 1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) …

We outline a new and improved uncertainty analysis for the Goddard Institute for Space
Studies Surface Temperature product version 4 (GISTEMP v4). Historical spatial variations …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a
planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate …

Research reported during the past decade has shown that global warming is roughly
proportional to the total amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. This makes …

All living things depend on their natural environment, either directly or indirectly, for their
high quality of life, growth, nutrition, and development. Due to the fast emissions of …

Snowpack stores cold-season precipitation to meet warm-season water demand. Climate
change threatens to disturb this balance by altering the fraction of precipitation falling as …