This review summarizes current knowledge concerning incidence, risk factors, and
mechanisms of perioperative nerve injury, with focus on local anesthetic-induced …

Aerobic metabolism occurs in a background of oxygen radicals and reactive oxygen species
(ROS) that originate from the incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen in electron transfer …

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as extracellular ATP and nigericin (a
bacterial toxin) not only act as potassium ion (K+) efflux inducers to activate NLRP3 …

Reactive oxygen species have been demonstrated to be associated with a variety of
diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Flavonoid compounds have been …

Glutamate excitotoxicity may culminate with neuronal and glial cell death. Glutamate
induces apoptosis in vivo and in cell cultures. However, glutamate-induced apoptosis and …

3, 4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DBD), one of the active components of Gastrodia elata, has a
cerebral protective effect and can effectively combat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) …

Background Pharmacologic inhibition of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
leads to a reduction in lidocaine neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. The current study …

It has been known that ethanol causes neuronal cell death through oxidative stress. Ethanol
itself and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by ethanol modulate intracellular …

The Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in neurogenesis and
brain damage repair. Our previous work demonstrated that the SHH signaling pathway was …

A series of 3-phenyl/ethyl-2-thioxo-2, 3-dihydrothiazolo [4, 5-d] pyrimidin-7-yl urea and
thiourea derivatives were designed and synthesized. All the compounds have been …