Regression discontinuity designs (RDD) are increasingly being employed in agricultural and
environmental economics to identify causal effects. Here, we showcase recent applications …

Villages are homes for most rural residents and powerhouses of the rural economy, with a
vital role in reducing rural-urban disparity. It raises the need to explore the driving forces of …

This study examines the impact of off-farm income on rural household energy expenditures,
paying special attention to clean energies such as electricity and gas and non-clean energy …

Off-farm income constitutes a substantial share of the household livelihood portfolios across
Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, the determinants and dynamics of individuals' participation in off …

With rapid growth and development, nonfarm employment has become an important source
of livelihood for millions of rural households in China. Rural nonfarm employment is leading …

Crop diversification has become a widely adopted adaptive strategy for farmers in
developing countries to address the negative effects of climate change. However, with the …

In theory, off-farm work, by raising household incomes, can have a direct impact on
smartphone use among rural residents and the use of these smartphones in turn enhances …

Solid waste has surged in rural China, home to more than 540 million people. To preserve
the environment, the Chinese government has piloted garbage classification programs …

This study uses evidence gathered from survey responses from 572 rural households in
Ghana to examine the link between organic expenditure and off-farm income. To solve the …

Many sources indicate that smallholder tree-crop commodity farmers are poor, but there is a
paucity of data on how many of them are poor and the depth of poverty. The living income …