Biomolecular condensates play a key role in organizing cellular fluids such as the cytoplasm
and nucleoplasm. Most of these non-membranous organelles show liquid-like properties …

Cell membranes contain a large variety of lipid types and are crowded with proteins,
endowing them with the plasticity needed to fulfill their key roles in cell functioning. The …

Cells are crowded, but proteins are almost always studied in dilute aqueous buffer. We
review the experimental evidence that crowding affects the equilibrium thermodynamics of …

The ultimate microscope, directed at a cell, would reveal the dynamics of all the cell's
components with atomic resolution. In contrast to their real-world counterparts …

Water is an essential participant in the stability, structure, dynamics, and function of proteins
and other biomolecules. Thermodynamically, changes in the aqueous environment affect …

Biochemical processes take place in heterogeneous and highly volume-occupied or
crowded environments that can considerably influence the reactivity and distribution of …

INTRODUCTION Temperature is crucially important to life. Small temperature changes can
differentiate optimal and lethal growth conditions of living organisms. Because of the higher …

The bacterial chaperonin GroEL and its cofactor GroES constitute the paradigmatic
molecular machine of protein folding. GroEL is a large double-ring cylinder with ATPase …

All soluble proteins populate conformational ensembles that together constitute the native
state. Their fluctuations in water are intrinsic thermodynamic phenomena, and the …

A ubiquitous observation in cell biology is that the diffusive motion of macromolecules and
organelles is anomalous, and a description simply based on the conventional diffusion …