Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies through physiological changes in response
to herbivore attacks. Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are synthesized to provide …

This article is part of the Distinguished Review Article Series in Conceptual and
Methodological Breakthroughs in Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. Salicylic acid (SA) is …

Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense
response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying …

Growth–defense tradeoffs are thought to occur in plants due to resource restrictions, which
demand prioritization towards either growth or defense, depending on external and internal …

Costs of defense are central to our understanding of interactions between organisms and
their environment, and defensive phenotypes of plants have long been considered to be …

Bacterial diseases are a constant threat to crop production globally. Current management
strategies rely on an array of tactics, including improved cultural practices; application of …

Plants resist infection and herbivory with innate immune responses that are often associated
with reduced growth. Despite the importance of growth-defense tradeoffs in shaping plant …

Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) are produced by a wide array of
microorganisms ranging from bacteria to fungi. A growing body of evidence indicates that …

Plants are constantly exposed to microorganisms in the environment and, as a result, have
evolved intricate mechanisms to recognize and defend themselves against potential …

The evolution of land plants approximately 470 million years ago created a new adaptive
zone for natural enemies (attackers) of plants. In response to attack, plants evolved highly …