Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and biochemical barrier that precisely controls
cerebral homeostasis. It also plays a central role in the regulation of blood-to-brain flux of …

It is generally acknowledged that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in a
variety of natural processes in cells. If increased to levels which cannot be neutralized by the …

Aging is a phenomenon that all living organisms inevitably face. Every year, 9.9 million
people, globally, suffer from dementia, an indicator of the aging brain. Brain aging is …

Effective non-invasive treatment of neurological diseases is often limited by the poor access
of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system (CNS). The majority of drugs and …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for being both beneficial and deleterious.
The main thrust of this review is to investigate the role of ROS in ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus …

ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters represent one of the largest and most diverse
superfamily of proteins in living species, playing an important role in many biological …

The strength of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in providing protection to the central nervous
system from exposure to circulating chemicals is maintained by tight junctions between …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) has a critical role in central nervous system homeostasis.
Intercellular tight junction (TJ) protein complexes of the brain microvasculature limit …

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is critical for many cellular processes, and both its intracellular
and extracellular concentrations are tightly regulated. Intracellular GSH levels are regulated …