Hyperlipidemia is a medical condition characterized by an increase in one or more of the
plasma lipids, including triglycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids and or …

Background and Aims Approximately 95% of bile acids (BAs) excreted into bile are
reabsorbed in the gut and circulate back to the liver for further biliary secretion. Therefore …

Bile acids are lipid-emulsifying metabolites synthesized in hepatocytes and maintained in
vivo through enterohepatic circulation between the liver and small intestine. As detergents …

Context.—There is an ever-growing armamentarium of pharmacologic agents that can
cause gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal injury, the most common symptoms being diarrhea …

CD4+ T cells are tightly regulated by microbiota in the intestine, but whether intestinal T cells
interface with host-derived metabolites is less clear. Here, we show that CD4+ T effector …

Context.—Medication resins, including Kayexalate, sevelamer, and bile acid sequestrants,
can be encountered in gastrointestinal tract specimens. Their classic histologic appearances …

Organic (such as parasites or vegetable remnants) and inorganic substances may be
encountered during routine pathology diagnostic work up of endoscopic gastrointestinal …

Medication-associated gastrointestinal (GI) tract injury has been known for centuries for
some medications. The more recently introduced biologicals are a class of drugs that …

Ion-exchange resins are commonly used to treat complications such as hyperkalemia,
hyperphosphatemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Gastrointestinal complications may occur …

Drugs can produce a wide range of pathology in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Often, the
injury pattern is non-specific. Pill-induced oesophagitis usually affects the mid oesophagus …