The basic reproductive ratio, R0, is one of the fundamental concepts in mathematical
biology. It is a threshold parameter, intended to quantify the spread of disease by estimating …

Mathematical modeling has been increasingly recognized in the public health community as
an important research tool for infectious diseases control. Mathematical models are widely …

This paper deals with a four dimensional mathematical model for Human T-cell leukemia
virus type-I (HTLV-I) infection that includes delayed CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) immune …

We present an ordinary differential equation mathematical model for the spread of malaria in
human and mosquito populations. Susceptible humans can be infected when they are bitten …

The phenomenon of backward bifurcation in disease transmission models, where a stable
endemic equilibrium co-exists with a stable disease-free equilibrium when the associated …

This paper addresses the synergistic interaction between HIV and mycobacterium
tuberculosis using a deterministic model, which incorporates many of the essential …

The phenomenon of backward bifurcation in disease models, where a stable endemic
equilibrium co-exists with a stable disease-free equilibrium when the associated …

This study extends a deterministic mathematical model for the dynamics of tuberculosis
transmission to examine the impact of an imperfect vaccine and other exogenous factors …

We incorporate three distributed time delays into the model of pathogen dynamics with
antibody and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses. We consider both actively …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are
two retroviruses that attack the immune cells and impair their functions. Both HIV and HTLV-I …