Cilia are microscopic hair-like external cell organelles that are ubiquitously present in
nature, also within the human body. They fulfill crucial biological functions: motile cilia …

The fluid dynamics of microswimmers has received attention from the fields of microbiology,
microrobotics, and active matter. Microorganisms have evolved organelles termed cilia for …

Cilial pumping is a powerful strategy used by biological organisms to control and manipulate
fluids at the microscale. However, despite numerous recent advances in optically …

Biological cilia play essential roles in self-propulsion, food capture, and cell transportation
by performing coordinated metachronal motions. Experimental studies to emulate the …

Light‐fueled self‐oscillators based on soft actuating materials have triggered novel designs
for small‐scale robotic constructs that self‐sustain their motion at non‐equilibrium states and …

Biological cilia, hairlike organelles on cell surfaces, often exhibit collective wavelike motion
known as metachrony, which helps generating fluid flow. Inspired by nature, researchers …

The fluid manipulation capabilities of current artificial cilia are severely handicapped by the
inability to reconfigure near-surface flow on various static or dynamically deforming three …

The rheological properties of the extracellular fluid in the female reproductive tract vary
spatiotemporally, however, the effect on the behaviour of epithelial cells that line the tract is …

One of the major challenges in modern robotics is controlling micromanipulation by active
and adaptive materials. In the respiratory system, such actuation enables pathogen …

Ciliated tissues, such as in the mammalian lungs, brains, and reproductive tracts, are
specialized to pump fluid. They generate flows by the collective activity of hundreds of …