With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

INTRODUCTION Photoenzymes are rare biocatalysts driven by absorption of a photon at
each catalytic cycle; they inspire development of artificial photoenzymes with valuable …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest single family of cell surface receptors
encoded by the human genome and they play pivotal roles in co-ordinating cellular systems …

The photoisomerization reaction of a fluorescent protein chromophore occurs on the ultrafast
timescale. The structural dynamics that result from femtosecond optical excitation have …

Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular
details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pumping and ensure …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Highlights•Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (tr-SFX) probes structure and
function in each sample.•X-ray free electron lasers (XFELS) provide atomic and electronic …

Photolyases, a ubiquitous class of flavoproteins, use blue light to repair DNA photolesions.
In this work, we determined the structural mechanism of the photolyase-catalyzed repair of a …

Photolyase is an enzyme that uses light to catalyze DNA repair. To capture the reaction
intermediates involved in the enzyme's catalytic cycle, we conducted a time-resolved …