As defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain, pain is an unpleasant
sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. 1 The …

In human and canine patients, locoregional anesthesia helps decrease the perioperative
requirement of systemic analgesics and improve the quality of recovery after invasive …

The tremendous diversity in form, function, and mode of life existing across avian orders and
between wild and domesticated species, as well as variation that exists within any given …

Objective—To compare the anesthetic efficacy and adverse effects associated with
peribulbar injection of ropivacaine (1% solution) performed with and without ultrasound …

Objective To describe the nerve stimulator-guided sciatic-femoral nerve block in raptors
undergoing surgical treatment of pododermatitis. Study design Prospective clinical trial …

Objective To determine the cardiovascular effects of lidocaine infused intravenously (IV) in
broiler chickens. Study design Two phase study: Phase 1, randomized up-and-down study …

Effective pain management involves addressing the underlying process or injury that
induced pain, as well as use of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods to reduce …

Objective To determine the median effective dose (ED 50) of intravenous (IV) bupivacaine
associated with a 50% probability of causing clinically relevant cardiovascular effects …

Exotic animal anesthesia and analgesia have dramatically progressed over the past decade
and continue to do so as more research and technology develop. Technological …

Local anesthesia is indicated as part of a multimodal approach to anesthesia by treating and
preventing acute and chronic pain caused by surgery and disease, and also by helping to …