X-ray scattering is uniquely suited to the study of disordered systems and thus has the
potential to provide insight into dynamic processes where diffraction methods fail. In …

Amino acids signal to the mTOR complex I (mTORC1) growth pathway through the Rag
GTPases. Multiple distinct complexes regulate the Rags, including GATOR1, a GTPase …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cell
growth in eukaryotic cells. The active mTORC1 promotes cellular anabolic processes …

The phenylpropanoid pathway leads to the production of many important plant secondary
metabolites including lignin, chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic glycosides. Early …

Glutamine (Gln) is the first amino acid synthesized in nitrogen (N) assimilation in plants. Gln
synthetase (GS), converting glutamate (Glu) and NH4+ into Gln at the expense of ATP, is …

Mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheH) is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the
first step in the catabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. Following allosteric activation by …

Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), also known as acetolactate synthase, is a flavin
adenine dinucleotide-, thiamine diphosphate-and magnesium-dependent enzyme that …

Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) proteins are one of the largest families of transcription factor
(TF) in eukaryotes, and~ 30% of all flowering plants' bHLH TFs contain the aspartate kinase …

The multi-domain enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) catalyzes the hydroxylation of
dietary I-phenylalanine (Phe) to I-tyrosine. Inherited mutations that result in PAH enzyme …

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are key enzymes in DNA metabolism, with allosteric
mechanisms controlling substrate specificity and overall activity. In RNRs, the activity master …