The human startle response is a sensitive, noninvasive measure of central nervous system
activity that is currently used in a wide variety of research and clinical settings. In this article …

Blindsight is the ability of patients with clinically blind field defects, caused by damage to the
primary visual cortex V, to detect, localise and even discriminate visual stimuli that they deny …

Orienting is the gateway to attention, the first step in processing stimulus information. This
volume examines these initial stages of information intake, focusing on the sensory and …

The temporal course of startle reflex modulation and autonomic response patterns to fear‐
relevant and fear‐irrelevant pictures in subjects with high and low levels of animal fear was …

Research over the past two decades in mammals, especially primates, has greatly improved
our understanding of the afferent and efferent connections of two retinorecipient pretectal …

The bandwidth for the recording of the orbicularis oculi blink reflex electromyogram (EMG)
response is optimal when low‐frequency artifacts, such as motion artifacts and cross‐talk …

Light is a fundamental aspect of our lives, being involved in the regulation of numerous
processes in our body. While blue light has always existed in nature, with the ever-growing …

Over the past 20 years, researchers have discovered over 30 separate visual areas in the
cortex of the macaque monkey that exhibit specific responses to visual and environmental …

Background and Objectives To quantify interictal photophobia in migraine with and without
aura using reflexive eye closure as an implicit measure of light sensitivity and to assess the …

To compare the baseline signal between two conditions used to generate the photopic
negative response (PhNR) of the full-field electroretinogram (ERG): red flash on a blue …